The Fall of the Roman Republic - 810 Words

The Roman Republic was created as a result of Rome’s early and tyrannical kings. This new democratic system was supposed to balance the power between two consuls and the senate in order to prevent any one person from controlling the entire population. It also aimed to ease relations between the separate classes by allowing slaves to purchase their freedom and by allowing anyone to move up in the class system from plebian to senator. The early phase of the Roman Republic was marked by successful foreign conquests, financial prosperity and a well-functioning government; however, as the years went by the republic slowly started to fall. During the time of the republic, Rome managed to conquer most of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea as well as territories far into modern day Germany and Spain. This massive new domain began to put a strain on the Roman government. It was difficult to get conquered peoples to abide by the laws and constitution of the republic and even more difficult to enforce punishments when they did not. The vastness of the republic made it impossible for each territory to be represented equally in the Roman senate. This caused almost constant conflict in the new territories which began to burn through Rome’s man power and resources. In addition to these issues, the Punic Wars had destroyed most of Italy’s farmland and many soldiers returned home to find their sources of income depleted. Often these men had to become hired labor or tenant farmersShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The Roman Republic1368 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Essay- The Fall of the Roman Republic From the fall of the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, in 509 BCE, to the beginning of the principate in 27 BCE, the Roman Republic thrived as a strong and relatively stable government. This was despite its two major issues that eventually led to its downfall- the class struggle between plebeians and patricians as well as the autonomy the military had that allowed for armies to become loyal to its commander rather than the Roman state. For centuriesRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Republic1745 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Tiberius and his brother Gaius were regarded in Roman tradition as the initiators of the revolution which led to the breakdown of the Republic.† (Roebuck, 1966:506) The fall of the Roman Republic occurred during the late second century BC and resulted in various leading figures emerging such as Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Tiberius Gracchus was largely responsible for creating and initiating a long term political crisis in Rome in the early first century through his land reformations and desireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Republic Essay2445 Words   |  10 PagesChalking up the fall of the Roman Republic to a decline in traditional Roman morality, while not false, sells the events and changes that were the causes for the fall of the Republic short. At the end of The Third Punic War with Carthage we arguably see the Republic at its height. However in only a decade things begin to change, we see events that send Rome as a Republic past a point that Rome could not recover. Gaius Marius’s military reforms, specifically that of allowing for the captive cencsiRead MoreFall of the Roman Republic2648 Words   |  11 PagesFall of the Roman R epublic By Ryan Anderson Arguably the greatest contribution to the eventual downfall of the Roman Republic was the institution of Gaius Marius popular, yet dangerous reforms, and his repeated usage of questionable political tactics to achieve his underlying personal goals. By undermining the power of the senate through illegal political conduct, and by introducing reforms that created the open potential for abuse of military power, Marius paved the way for future militaryRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Republic Essay625 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The die is cast† - Julius Caesar The expansion of Rome, the ruling of Julius Caesar and his death, and the civil war that followed his death all led to the collapse of the Roman Republic. The expansion of Rome created political, social, and economical changes. 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While Pompey’s quest for power was harmful, many other factors were also baleful to the Republic, and were hence instrumental in its decline. Gnaeus Pompeius’s measures to gain power were harmful because it was primarily a paradox to the principles of being part of a Republic with all its notions of shared and short power. The fundamental reason whyRead MoreFall of the Roman Republic Julius Caesar Essay626 Words   |  3 Pagesare many contributions to the fall of the roman republic. Three of the main ones can be linked to the Actions and legacy of Sulla, Caesars military campaign s and Caesars dictatorship. The decline of the Republic began in the middle of the second century B.C. with political, economic, and social events. These events in addition to the burdens of civil war on Rome, lead to the inevitable failure of the Republic. The first contribution to the fall of the roman republic is linked to the actions and legacyRead MoreEssay on The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic517 Words   |  3 PagesThe roman republic came into existence at the termination of the Roman kingship in 507 B.C.E. The last king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was expelled by Collatinus and Brutus, as a result of his arrogance involving the matter of one of his relations raping the wholesome Roman matron Lucretia and her subsequent suicide. The rape of Lucretia was really a representation of the frustration that the roman citizens felt regarding the kingship. The later kings had little regard for roman values and the

ISO 900 Essay Example For Students

ISO 900 Essay Introduction In order to stay competitive, businesses have to be the best at what they do. Companys must be efficient and presise in all aspects of the job. (Metcalfe 1). ISO 9000 is made up of managements responsibility, the producers involved in the Quality Management System, the contract review, the design control, document and data control, purchasing, process control, inspection and testing, control of non-conforming product, corrective action, handling, storage, packaging and delivery, internal quality audits, training, servicing and statistical techniques (Prasanna 1). Quality control and quality assurance is very important there are certain requirements that take time and money to be met but in the end there are benefits. Types of specifications are very significant and the documentation of those is even more. Manufacturers and purchasers have major responsibility in the process of being successful. The quality of a product is so important, especially to the customer. A companys quality management system must become the documented proof of a firms commitment to quality management. A plan put together with quality procedures and work instructions is provided to help companies design their own quality management system. After completing the quality procedures, companies are audited and then determined if they should be certified for ISO 9000 or not (Parsanna 2). ISO: International Organization of Standards Founded in 1947 in Geneva Switzerland, ISO developed international standards and helped exchange goods and services worldwide. It is made up of over 90 countries including the US, which is called the American National Standards Institute. The name ISO came from the Greek word, isos, meaning equal (Henkoff 2). ISO was created by business men (Henkoff 2). These business men knew what businesses needed to become more competitive and how they could get higher customer satisfaction, so ISO was developed. ISO is not government regulated, but is ran by organizations like the US Registrar Accreditation Board. Such organizations authorize registrars which issue ISO certificates (Barrier 2). In Europe some organizations are government regulated. The American National Standards Institute runs the ISO in the US and authorizes the US Registrar Accreditation Board (Barrier 2). ISOs job is to set standards for companies all over the world so that their products come out efficiently and to the best quality. This helps the customers who receive the exports know exactly what they are getting and are satisfied with the product. Setting these standards is done by ISO members at assembly meetings. Proposals are developed by the ISO Council, which is like the board of directors in a business. These meetings are held three times a year and the membership is rotated to allow more representatives in (iso online). Standards are developed by technical committees. 30,000 experts participate to give comments, feedback and to vote in meetings which are held15 times a day electronically. The experts are chosen by an ISO member of that country (iso online). ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 series was published in 1987 (iso online). It is a standardization system that was developed by ISO. It is obtained by 130 countries, but its main office is in Geneva, Switzerland where the system is coordinated and the finished standards are published (iso online). These ISO standard are rules and guidelines that ensure the product that a manufacturing business produces is safe, reliable and efficient (iso online). These standards makes sure that businesses are living up to their promises. An ISO 9000 certificate is given to a business when it maintains the quality management requirements determined by ISO (Henkoff 1). ISO 9000 helps a business to get certified by telling it what requirements it should meet and how it will meet them. .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .postImageUrl , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:hover , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:visited , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:active { border:0!important; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:active , .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1271c943b14d1b33e025c586a7dd963e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African Dimensions Of The Stono Rebellion Essay It provides a framework for a company. It sets standards worldwide and help export goods to other countries. However, the company must have good strong leaders for it to thrive. The success of ISO 9000 on a business largely depends on the businesss organization. Planning, training, setting and achieving goals are all key to improvement or success of a business (Henkoff 5). ISO 9000 makes sure a company is doing what it says it is doing and helps them do it. However, that doesnt mean it is running the company and telling it what to do

Physical Theatre Performance Analysation free essay sample

Audiences today want a real experience in their live performance, because they can get great script based entertainment at home, through various new media sources. Traditional theatre, which appeals on a mental, and hopefully also emotional level, has not been enough to compete with other media, and audiences have been declining. Physical theatre, by contrast appeals to the audience on a physical and emotional level, providing a much more immediate experience than traditional theatre † (Artmedia Publishing in Zen Zen Zos The Tempest Teachers Notes) Then you realise that theatre is a more personal experience. (Stephen Atkins, Dantes Inferno Director) After viewing Zen Zen Zos physical theatre reincarnation of the philosophical poem, Inferno by Dante Alighieri , it was clear that the combinations of various dramatic languages ultimately enhanced both the mood and symbolism of this live performance. These dramatic languages include the utilisation and management of physical composition, complicitГ ©, space, language and movement dramatic languages to create and enhance both mood and symbol. This particular performance guided the audience through the literature to experience the different stages of purgatory performed at the Old Museum. This successfully provided both the audience and the cast with intimate theatre experiences. In order to successfully achieve a powerful performance and obtain this experience, physical composition was clearly utilised. In Dantes Inferno, the manipulation and management of physical composition, particularly in the development of this production, provided the audience with an intimate experience. Physical composition refers to the way in which someone or something is composed. Zen Zen Zo has excelled in this dramatic language, particularly through the use of music, movement and drama. To achieve physical omposition, the ensemble must recognise and maintain spatial relationships with the architecture, kinaesthetic response, tempo, repetition and sensitivity to the dramatic manipulation of both space and time. The spatial relationships between the actors of Zen Zen Zo and the architecture of the Old Museum were managed to allow the audience to feel the intimacy of the actors in any particular scene. Humor was a key component in not only providing a contrast to the mood of the performance, but also in enhancing the composition of Dantes Inferno. In particular, humor was demonstrated through the comic relief tour uides, and in the lustful level of purgatory. The two tour guides comic relief composition created a strong contrast in comparison to the disturbing ensemble members of the production. Another element which assisted in creating a contrast was the Cabaret style song and dance provided in the lustful circle. This Joyous song created not only a strong contrast to the other ensemble members of hell, but also contrasted against the literature of Dantes Inferno where the lustful are sentenced for their souls to be blown around in a violent storm needlessly and aimlessly, as lust nas the power tor ones desire to sway their reason. In the Zen Zen Zo version however, the ensemble are dancing and singing in cabaret. They are still aimlessly moving without reason, but it is interpreted in a humorous way, especially in contrast to the other levels of hell. These two compositions of humor, aid in enhancing both mood and symbol through contrasting elements, ambiance, and physicalisation. Another component of physical composition used was surprise entrances. The use of surprise entrances provided a contemporary experience when the gluttonous circle of devil-like ensemble members appeared from behind the audience, attacking the comic relief tour guides. Not only did this provide a strong contrast between the solemn actors of the heretic circle and the animal-like, blood thirsty ensemble, but the surprise entrance provided the audience with a disturbing mood. The use of physicalisation of the ensemble involved the audience members by invading their comfort zones and taking away their tour guides, their only source of escape. The audience then became lost and frightened as there were no signs leading them to their next destination, once again forcing them to partake in the performance. This physicalisation not only successfully involved the ontemporary audience, but demonstrated the necessity of physical composition to give audiences that real experience. This use of physical composition provided immediate reaction and emotional expression through action and contrast. These elements ultimately enhanced the mood and symbolism of the performance, allowing audiences to not only partake in the production on an intimate level but also on an emotional level. Another way in which mood and symbol can be created is through the use of complicitГ ©. Another element used to enhance the physical theatre experience is complicitГ ©. This dramatic language refers to the use of an ensemble. In Dantes Inferno the benefit of an ensemble is demonstrated throughout the whole course of the production as it provided bigger representations and enhanced the powerful concepts. In particular, the Molent circle representing murder, death and the element of fire, excelled in the utilisation of an ensemble. The audience were guided into a large hall where approximately thirty ensemble members were positioned around the architecture. The ensemble worked together, manipulating their bodies into unnatural, unsettling postures. Through precise choreography, the ensemble rovided an explosive, demonic re-enactment of the torture inflicted upon their bodies for their violent crimes. The ensemble then forced out the words of the original literature, in a manner which demonstrated the pain and suffering which they have endured. The precise body language and synchronisation of movement and vocals demonstrated Greek chorus. Another example of complicitГ © was demonstrated in the obsession circle. This contemporary re-enactment of Dantes inferno had a strong reliance on the ensemble. Each ensemble member moved firstly in time with the fast moving beat of the slapstick. The mechanical synchronisation was proven successful and the ensemble worked together to enthral the audience. The ensemble later moved in slow motion, yet still remained in time with one another, once again captivating the audience. This stage in hell symbolised those individuals who fake happiness in their everyday lives. The choreography of the ensemble in botn scenes was pertected through a combination ot acrobalance, Suzuki dance techniques and Butoh dance theatre. This technique proved successful in invoking the audience to connect with the mood of the production. Zen Zen Zo has strong emphasis on the ensemble working together. (Performer, James Casey) In this production, ComplicitГ © was used effectively, especially in combination to the space and architecture of the Old Museum. Space is a key essential in relation to physical theatre. This dramatic language refers to the area which can be occupied in relation to another being or object. The architecture of the Old Museum proved a suitable venue for the audience to view the production in promenade style and become the character o f Dante. When left alone to roam the conical layers of hell, we have the chance to play poet, narrator, and rotagonist, by taking the place of Dante in the original text. (Alison Bare, BrizTix) The audience members were given a map of the performance area to inform them that the production would be utilising space, both interior and exterior. (See Appendix A) Firstly, the audience members were greeted by fortune tellers. The audience were then guided to a large garden where the comic relief tour guides were introduced. Five ensemble members guided the audience into the gates of hell with fiery stakes. These actors chanted abandon all hopes as you enter the gates of hell. Within the first few moments of the production, the audience had already witnessed a vast amount of space. This provided an emotion connection to the character of Dante from the original literature, creating a confused and disturbed mood. The Old Museum allowed the audience to visit the ensemble members across a wide area of space to view the upper levels of hell. This gave the viewers the feeling of being at a zoo, viewing the actors as wild animals. The audience was then manipulated into the interior of the Old Museum, where space was successfully utilised by the actors. The audience were led into a large hall where the Molent circle performed disturbing choreography on the floor and walls of the architecture. This amount of space allowed the actors to utilise the proxemics between each ensemble member. This particular scene provided the audience with the torturous mood and emotion that was present in the actors absurd body movements and expressions. The use of space reinforced both mood and symbolism through the use of elements. The icy cold weather present when outside of the theatre symbolised the element of air, adding an eerie, desolate mood to the performance. The fiery gates of hell and the vicious red lighting symbolised purgatory, and reinforced an angry, demonic mood. The wrathful circle used water as a symbolism of depression and the actors tears of sorrow, perceiving a solemn mood. Finally, the outdoor promenade style of theatre allowed both the actors and audience to feel the element of Earth, creating a mood of isolation and a sense of being lost. These elements along with the effective use of space, contemporised the physical theatre aspect of this production to enhance both mood and symbolism. Alongside space, language is another aspect which ontributed to the involvement of the audience in this physical theatre production. Adapting an epic poem is a matter of reducing the words, while creating visuals, sound and movement that are as potent as what we find in the poem. (Director, Stephen s) Language is a term which reters to the vocals and music within a theatrical production. Dantes Inferno comes as an influence from the renowned poem Inferno written by Dante Alighieri. The literature is filled with a vast amount of metaphors and dramatic imagery demonstrated throughout the Zen Zen Zo production. This medieval styled writing appeals to modern audiences who still ecognise lust, wrath and violence as contemporary issues. This production contemporises the poem to appeal to audiences today, yet still keeps Inferno a powerful literature. This is achieved through the utilisation of contemporary conventions, such as fragmentation and contrast, enhancing both symbol and mood. Through a variety of languages, including the use of body language, body art, music and costume, the Zen Zen Zo company has excelled in this dramatic language. To assist with the elements of drama, colossal scrolls with the appropriate section of Inferno written upon it hung at each stage of hell. These scrolls revert back to the originality of the literature, allowing the ensemble to contemporise the meaning and utilise the convention of intertextuality. Music firstly assisted in this production at the beginning of the performance. The audience were introduced to hells gate which was constructed using five ensemble members, each with a fiery stake at hand. Two more ensemble members emerged playing three eerie chords on violin, providing a terrifying mood to the audience. This live performance technique also enticed the audience adding more physicality to the production. In the lust level of urgatory, the cabaret style song and dance contrasted with the serious mood of the poem. This technique manipulated the intended language of the performance, appealing to the modern day audience. Despite the poem not being read aloud, the body language portrayed in the gluttonous circle was disturbing and demonic and the audience still felt the emotion and power of the literature. The costumes designed were ripped, blood-stained and minimal, symbolising the souls of those who have been refrained to purgatory. The colours used acted as a language technique portraying the nature of the characters. Colours can speak strongly of the way we perceive strength and weakness (Designer, AlanJohn Jones) The costumes of the characters were contemporised to appeal to modern day audiences and act as a language to portray mood and symbolism. Being a 13-century poem of great notoriety and then having to reinterpret that for the modern world within the context of a physical theatre company that doesnt rely on dialogue. A lot of the show will be based on visual cues (Designer, AlanJohn Jones) The language displayed in Dantes Inferno appealed to the audience in a contemporary manner, enhancing the dynamics of physical theatre. Another type of language which assists in enhancing physical theatre is movement. Movement is a form of dramatic language which refers to the physical motions which a person expresses with their body. In Dantes Inferno actors took part in a process called kinaesthetic learning. Students associated with a kinesthetic learning style have realisations through doing, as opposed to having thought first before initiating action, and often experience the strains of unnatural movement. This kinaesthetic style of learning was applied to both Suzuki and Butoh techniques, both prominently used within the Zen Zen Zo company. These training methods allowed the actors ot Dantes Interno to master synchronisation, precise movements and unnatural bodily motions. In the violent circle, the ensemble utilised levels, acrobalance, and precision, creating a powerful and astounding performance. The twisted bodily movements of each actor symbolised the agony and torture inflicted upon the characters in this stage of purgatory. The red lighting and powerful music assisted the ensemble in perfecting movement, a technique mastered through Suzuki training. The mechanical, demented movement and twisted expression of the ctors portrayed a disturbing mood, enticing the audience with its confronting choreography. The actors became one fgure, reaching to the heavens in hope of escape, then discharged outwards and violently pushed their way through the audience. This unbelievable, unnatural scene took the audience out of their comfort zone. The diverse method of this movement piece appealed to this contemporary audience on an emotional and a physical level, compelling energy and a sense of fear from the actors to the audience. This kept the audience both involved and engaged to form a connection and an addiction to the actors. Because Zen Zen Zo engaged the udience so much, the abrupt ending forced the audience to take the lessons and consequences learnt from the performance into the audiences immediate reality. Zen Zen Zos physical theatre reincarnation of the philosophical poem, Inferno, demonstrated that the combinations of dramatic languages created and enhanced both mood and symbol within this live performance. This was achieved through the use of dramatic languages including the utilisation and management of physical composition, complicitГ ©, space, language and movement. Physical composition successfully provided an intimate experience between the actors and the audience. ComplicitГ © was efficiently used allowing the ensemble to create a bigger representation of the original literature, and engaging the audience with unpredictable events and synchronised movements. The space and architecture of the Old Museum provided the ensemble with a variety of different atmospheres to adapt to and engage within. Both the interior and exterior were utilised allowing the audience to Journey through the different stages of purgatory and become the character of Dante. Language in the sense of costume, music and body, became a key essential in this production providing a variety of contrasts setting mood and symbol. In physical theatre, movement is profound by keeping the audience engaged and involved. Dramatic languages combined with music, lighting and movement, effectively created and enhanced mood and symbol. This production proved that Physical theatre appeals to the audience on a physical and emotional level, providing a much more immediate experience than traditional theatre. By tuning into the body, performers are able to find the exact and authentic response to the situation. Then they follow it onto unfettered action, enabling real dramatic truth to manifest itself. That is physical theatre. (Marshall, L. 2002: 33)

Review of Systems Theory

Abstract Over the years, the application of the Systems theory in different fields of study has escalated. It has played a pivotal role in analyzing various aspects that impact our lives as human beings. Within the field of marriage and family therapy, it has been used in conflict resolution between members of the family.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Review of Systems Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it has helped therapists in addressing family and marital issues such as: divorce, marriage, anger, the role of the parents within a family setting, domestic violence among other issues. In this research paper, we shall analyze the history of this theory, its philosophical underpinnings as pertaining to marriage and family therapy, the main concepts behind it and its applicability in this area of study. Introduction It is a known fact that no man is an island. This statement may seem hollow but it has deep psychological meanings that may help one understand the human psyche. In layman’s terms, it simply means that humans are social beings that need each other to maintain their sanity as well as in surviving the day-to-day tribulation. From a psychoanalytic perspective, it means that the source of any psychological distress experienced by a person can generally be traced back to his/her society. To further understand how the human mind works, scholars have developed theories that try to justify human behaviors as products of their environment. The Systems theory presents one such development through which human inter-dependency can be explained. A system as defined by Connors et al (2005) refers to; â€Å"an organized collection of parts (or subsystems) that are highly integrated to accomplish an overall goal†. A system has various elements that work together towards the achievement of desired results or outputs. This means that a system must have other smaller subsystems if it is to function effectively (Herting et al, 2007). As such, if one aspect of the system changes, it is likely that the pattern of the overall system will change as well. Therefore, a system can be defined as being systemic in nature (Egiazaryan et al, 2007). This paper shall analyze the applicability of the Systems theory to marriage and family therapy. The concepts of this theory shall be evaluated to measure the extent to which it can be applied into the practice of marriage and family therapy.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History of Systems theory Systems theory refers to a research strategy that uses different fields of study to create a holistic understanding of a system (Gunaratne, 2008). The main aim of this theory is to analyze the core principles that govern how a system functions so that they can be applied in all fields of study (Trop, 2007). The origin of this theory can be dated back to the late 1890s. This was an era characterized by scientists who wanted to understand how complex systems worked. To accomplish this, they believed that it would be easier to divide systems into smaller pieces and later study them separately. The rationale behind this group-think was that smaller components would be easy to identify and study as compared to the whole system (Dupuis, 2010). As time went by, this approach was quickly absorbed by other scholars and it became a core research tool used in the study of sciences (biology, Physic and chemistry). However, scientists started misusing this approach by practicing reductionism (Dunst, 2009). In reductionism, scientists broke each system into smaller parts and studied them without giving due consideration to their relationship to the larger system. To solve this issue, the general systems theory (GST) was developed in early 1920’s. The scientists agreed that irres pective of the uniqueness possessed by each component within a system, they all worked together to yield the expected outcome. They therefore began to look at systems as holistic units. GST paved way to the development of new techniques which could be used in handling various issues in other areas of study. Philosophical underpinnings of the systems theory The systems theory argues that to every action there must be a reaction. According to Robbins et al (2006), Ludwig von Bertalanffy based this theory on three main philosophies: the ontology (classification of entities and studying existence), epistemology (knowledge science), and axiology (ethical and aesthetical values) of systems. The theory was formulated under the following assumptions. That all events are results of coordinated efforts between various independent elements within a given system. Despite their different properties, all systems have common patterns that can be studied with an aim of providing more insight into complex tendencies. In summary, this theory was founded on the assumption that each element in the world (no matter the size or classification), has its role to play in ensuring that efficiency prevails where desired (Kerzner, 2009)). In addition, it placed more emphasis on the fact that a ripple effect is always present in all systems. Movement to Mental Health Field Claybourne (2006) defines the human body as a system composed of 10 independent subsystems working together to ensure full functionality and efficiency. The human brain is compared to an engine from which other organs are interconnected. As such, psychologists and other researchers have over the years applied the systems theory as an effective tool in understanding how the human mind works.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Review of Systems Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In regards to the study of mental health, the systems theo ry has played a pivotal role in establishing the relationship between brain functions and the functions of other anatomical systems. Boss et al (2008) state that if an individual is mentally healthy, then other body systems are likely to function optimally but if something affects the brain system (psychological, emotional or otherwise), other systems in the body will also experience some level of change. Systems Theory as the Foundation of Family Therapy Over the past decades, Systems theory has been the foundation on which the understanding of marriage and family therapy lays (Goldenberg, 2006). The GST assumes that a system consists of independent inputs that work together to yield expected outputs (Bartle-Haring et al, 2007). The Family Systems theory has therefore branched from this general theorization of systems. This theory focuses on the fact that a family is a system comprising of interrelated members. It acknowledges that there is some level of difficulty in understanding one member of a family without considering the others. It therefore provides a strong foundation to some of the family therapy techniques (Coates et al, 2005). One of the underlying principles behind the family systems theory is that the behavior of an individual occurs in, is affected by and influences the family (Greene, 2008). As such, having a clear understanding of the family system makes it easier to understand how each individual influences it. Zastrow Kirst-Ashman (2009) reiterate that families are evolving systems governed by rules. He further states that people within a family have their roles to play. In addition, each family has a set of common and predictable behavioral patterns which affect it. Future Directions of Systems Theory As mentioned earlier, family systems theory has tremendous impacts on family therapy. It has created a clear path towards understanding the affects of trauma on individuals in the family, interventional techniques (as pertaining to drug abus e, domestic violence, anger management and communication problems affecting a family (Price McKenry, 2009). Variants of the family systems theory have also emerged which seek to address core issues that lead to functional or dysfunctional families. The communication model is one such variant that studies the communication patterns that are adopted by various families as well as the implications of these patterns to the interactions of the family members (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2009).Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Possibilities of Further Application I believe that more can be done to address family and marital issues using the systems theory. For example, when addressing violence, the systems theory focuses on the factors that lead to violence within a family setting. However, I feel that more studies should be conducted towards analyzing the characteristics and behaviors of those that cause the violence. In addition, the family systems theory does not effectively address the issue of gender inequality (Taylor, 2006). In most societies men are still viewed as being superior to women. As such, there is a great difference between their influence and that of the women to the functions of the family. This inequality has been understated by the family systems theory and therefore needs to be articulated fully. Conclusion The importance of the systems theory in a family setting cannot be understated. This paper set out to review the various concepts and implications of this theory. To this effect, an overview of these attributes has been offered and viable recommendations given. The applicability of this theory to marriage and family therapy has also been discussed. However, more studies should be conducted to ensure that this theory fully addresses the issues that affect the smooth running of a family system. This will not only assist therapists in providing viable solutions for dysfunctional families but will also ensure that family values and harmony prevails even in generations to come. References Bartle-Haring, S., Glebova, T Meyer, T. (2007). Premature Termination in Marriage and Family Therapy within a Bowenian Perspective. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 35(1), 53–68. Boss, P, William, J. D., LaRossa, W. (2008). Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach. NY: Springer. Claybourne, A. (2006). The human body. USA: Evans Brothers. Coates, J., Sullivna, R. (2005). Achieving Competent Family Practice with Same-Sex Parents. Journal o f GLBT Family Studies, 1(2), 89–113. Connors, J. V., Richard, B. C. (2005). A Review of Group Systems Theory. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 30(2), 93–110. Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M. (2009). Capacity-Building Family-Systems Intervention Practices. Journal of Family Social Work, 12(2), 119–143. Dupuis, S. (2010). Examining the Blended Family: The Application of Systems Theory Toward an Understanding of the Blended Family System. Journal of Couple Relationship Therapy: Innovations in Clinical and Educational Interventions, 9(3), 239–251. Egiazaryan, G. G., Sudakov, K. V. (2007). Theory of Functional Systems in the Scientific School of P.K. Anokhin. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives, 16(1), 194–205. Goldenberg, I. (2007). Family Therapy: An Overview. CA: Cengage Learning. Greene, R. (2008). Human behavior theory social work practice. NY: Transaction Publishers. Gunaratne, S. A. (2008). Und erstanding systems theory: transition from equilibrium to entropy. Asian Journal of Communication, 18(3), 175 – 192. Herting, S., Stein, L. (2007). The evolution of Luhmann’s systems theory with focus on the constructivist influence. International Journal of General Systems, 36(1), 1–17. Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Price, S. J., McKenry, P. C. (2009). Families change: coping with stressful events and transitions. CA: SAGE. Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., Canda, E. R. (2006). Contemporary human behavior theory: a critical perspective for social work. USA: Pearson. Taylor, B. A. (2006). Gendered Training: Men and Men’s Issues in Marriage and Family Therapy Programs. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 34(3), 263–277. Trop, J. L. (2007). Discussion of Dr. Judy Pickles’s Paper: The Perspective of Nonlinear Open Systems Theory. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: A Topical Journal for Mental Health Professionals, 27(2), 166–176. Zastrow, C., Kirst-Ashman, K. (2009). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment. CA: Cengage Learning. This critical writing on Review of Systems Theory was written and submitted by user Marisa Tillman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide on How to Survive Summer School

A Guide on How to Survive Summer School Summer school is a great option for students who have to catch up or for those who just want to lighten their load throughout the normal semesters. These extra units might be the ones that will save your grades, but they might also bring a lot of stress and spoil your summer. If you want to know how you can survive summer school and save your happy summer, read the tips that we have found for you. 1. Take It Easy We all know that our attitude defines our behavior and mood. It can even affect your productivity and performance at school. How many times did you notice that when you’re bored, sad, depressed, or overall not interested in the subject, you just cant study well? Basically, what you always have to do is try to keep a positive approach. Even if you are not that excited about going to summer school this year, ask yourself a question: â€Å"Will anything change if you keep concentrating on the bad aspects?† You might be considering canceling all these plans for the sake of enjoying your summer, but think twice – you had a reason to go there first. Remind yourself about that reason and believe that you are not messing your summer up, as you still can have a fun time while going classes. So, just keep calm and study. 2. Get Enough Sleep This is what every person should do no matter what the time of the year is or what they do. Studying is just as hard as working, so you need to have rest in order to be productive and feel well. We know that summer is the perfect time to sit until dawn with your friends, chatting and having fun, but try to avoid it. You won’t thank yourself when getting up in the morning for classes if you had too little sleep. Its not a secret that your sleep has a significant influence on your productivity and your brain activity. If you decide to go to summer school, you need to get the most out of it. You dont want summer school to be a waste of time and effort, right? So, in order to gain knowledge and boost your grades, put a little effort into studying and a healthy sleep schedule will help you with it. Dont sacrifice your rest hours – if your assignments keep you awake in the middle of the night, you should definitely request our help. 3. Make Friends Going to summer school isnt easy. However, not having anyone to talk to while you’re there is even harder. Making friends with people from your class is a great way to make summer school less boring and tedious. You can also do your homework together – this also will help you a lot. Dont miss your chance to make great friends. Who knows, maybe you’ll end up with life-long friends. If you already have your friends going to summer school with you, make sure you are in the same class, you can ask your counselor to put you together. This will help you make it through the day. 4. Dont Push Yourself Too Much As was said earlier, you have a reason to go to summer school and you need to get the most out of it. However, that doesnt mean that you should sit all summer only studying. It means that you need to gain essential knowledge, not a headache. Everything should be balanced. Avoid running to extremes – you will only develop a negative attitude towards learning. Alternate studying and having fun. Go for a walk, go to a party, meet up with your friends, visit movie theaters or clubs – in other words, dont isolate yourself from the world. If you also need to find a summer job, check out our article with the best part-time jobs ideas. 5. Take Online Classes If Possible Some summer schools offer online courses which are very convenient for students who want to visit other places in summer. Moreover, it might give you a chance to sleep as long as you want without having to get up early and going for classes. Online classes are arguably not as good as regular classes because you dont have an opportunity to interact with your teacher and classmates as much. However, students who are diligent, organized, and disciplined can do very well in online learning. 6. Establish a Schedule Establishing a schedule is very important for any student. It helps to adjust to a studying routine and trains your brain to be more productive needed. If you have an established schedule throughout your regular semesters, you probably know how convenient they are. So, you might keep following the same schedule in summer. Going to bed at the same time every day helps you fall asleep quicker, while eating your meals on time helps your digestive system to function better. So, create a schedule that will allow you to study, dedicate time to hobbies, eat, and rest. Get an app that will help you schedule your studies and track your assignments – you will definitely find them useful. We have an article that will help you to pick the most convenient app. Wrapping Up Summer school isn’t always something that you â€Å"want to do.† Often, they are something that you â€Å"have to do.† However, even if you have to go to summer school, you dont have to feel bad about it. Summer classes help you stay focused and disciplined, in other words, keep you attentive and ready to learn. Even if its hard for you to imagine that you might enjoy summer school, just give it a try. You might spend your time there learning, while also making a lot of friends. The way you spend your summer mainly depends on how you treat it. Surviving through your summer school might turn into truly enjoying it.

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Literacy Narrative - Essay Example Furthermore, learning a language amounts to the spread of literacy and fluency in yet another aspect and, thus, is helpful mainly to communicate with people. As a student from China, learning the English language did pose a few problems to me, however, gradually, I was able to catch on very well though not without a few eventful incidents and memories to remember the process by. â€Å"Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something I’ve said, will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to my prison studies.† (Malcolm X) Malcolm X, the renowned leader of Black America, has been an inspiration along my journey of learning English. His quote suggests that everything is possible, even teaching oneself an alien language. As I signed myself for some English speaking lessons, I felt excited knowing that I would be providing myself the opportunity to delve into another road in life and learn a number of new things which could help me somewhere in the future. Also, I retain a keen interest in reading and, thus, learning a new language means having twice the literature material, if not more, to read and gain knowledge and information. Initially, my enthusiasm knew no bounds as my instructor began teaching me the fundamentals of the English grammar; however, soon I became weary and began to lose interest. With time, it was becoming frustrating to learn the language because I would often trip on my grammar and make silly mistakes; I would forget what certain words meant and where and how to use them in sentences; and I even got annoyed at myself for not being able to understand accents of the English speaking people living abroad. However, my dream of studying abroad in an English speaking environment kept me going and soon I realized just how funny the language was. I began to understand laughter-causing things like homonyms and puns, not to forget mentioning beautiful pro verbs and idioms that I began to make use of in my daily speech. My teacher was impressed with me as I took to reading books for children in English to begin with. My class was full of fresh zeal, both children and adults alike, trying to master the English language through skits, plays, dialogues, songs and poems. But for my teacher, I would not have been so fluent in the language today; he made sure that we signed up for participating in English plays, watching English movies and listening to English music while singing along in order to strengthen whatever knowledge we had, and to also make sure that we would not make silly mistakes while learning. I recall watching the film ‘My Fair Lady’, which is about a young girl trying to learn the sophisticated form of speaking in English in order to impress people from high society and make them believe that she fitted in there. That film gave me the motivation to open my books and practise my speech more and more because it helped me believe that I, too, one day, could be as polished in the language as she was. With time, I realized that watching English movies with their subtitles was one of the best ways to learn new sentences and how to use them in speech. Also, my teacher urged us to watch the news in English so that it would also help us keep in touch with current affairs from around the world and we would be able to

Summary of findings Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary of findings Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The study was guided by the theoretical framework defined under the Technology Acceptance Model and the Innovation Diffusion Theory. TAM incorporated perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, intention to use, and usage behaviour (Khosrow-Pour, 2006). On the other hand, Innovation Diffusion Theory enumerates stages through which innovation diffusion is introduced into society – awareness, early adoption by innovators, assessment and endorsement by opinion leaders, and finally acceptance by the general public (Baran & Davisi, 2011). In the study, findings reveal that the users of IFR in Saudi Arabia belong to the investors, businessmen and the professional class, who comprise the opinion leaders of the Saudi Arabian society. Reliance upon IFR and regular patronage of financial reports in company websites by this class of society constitutes the penultimate stage when the public would generally come to rely on IFR. It is even likely that this has already occurred at present. Analysts, students, academe, join the small investors in sourcing these reports, confident in their truthfulness and reliability because of compliance with standards specified in disclosure regulations (GPDS) enforced by the SOCPA, the international accounting profession as well as the government. As for perceived ease of use (facility), usefulness (relevance), intention to use (confidence) and usage behaviour (adaptability), respondents indicate that they experience relative ease of access to IFR (Table 7), ease of locating the IFR (Table 1 4), ease of comparing IFRs of different companies (Table 15), and that website contact was effective as a rule (Table 9). Reports were presented in convenient formats (Table 8), namely PDF and Excel spread sheet, which increases the usefulness and facility by which the information may be put to use. The information is proven reliable by the inclusion of the audit report and signature with the online version (Tables 10 and 11). These elements contribute to a heightened sense that the IFR data are created in the form and with the substance and reliability that engender trust and confidence in the information and the system that made it possible. From the perception study conducted in the course of this research, there is an apparent consensus among IFR users that financial information published in company websites have attained the level of trust and confidence investors have formerly reserved for the hardcopy audited financial statements issued by external auditors. They agree that t he web copy’s counterpart is complete, reliable, useful, and important to performance (Items 8, 9, 10 and 16 of Table 13, and Item 6 of Table 20). However, they likewise agree that the IFR disclosure might be influenced by politics, the internal auditor (despite the fact that audited financial statements are generated by external auditors), the ownership structure, and the company board (Item 13, 18, 19 and 20), all of whom have vested interests in the image of the company which may be projected by the IFR. This is an interesting pragmatism displayed by the investor respondents, to realize the possible existence of conflicts of interest in the preparation and publication of the IFR, and yet to repose trust and confidence in it. The reason appears to be anchored upon the reliance of the public on the government’s surveillance mechanism and the political will of a bureaucracy that aims to play a more significant role in global trade and economy. This reliance is undersco red by the exceptionally strong agreement among investors that they rely upon the IFR specifically to